Occurrence and congeners specific of polychlorinated biphenyls in agricultural soils from Southern Jiangsu, China

A total of 198 agricultural soil samples were collected from Zhangjiagang and Changshu in Southern Jiangsu for analysis of 13 polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in order to assess the levels of pollution, sources, area distribution, and potential risk for the environment. All methods were rigorously tested and an adequate quality control was ensured. Only one site had no PCBs residues, and the highest total PCBs concentration in the surface soils was 32.83 ng/g. The average concentration in all the soil samples was 4.13 ng/g, signaling low-level pollution. Tetra-, penta-, and hexa-chlorinated biphenyls were dominant species in soil samples, accounting for more than 75% of ∑PCBs in the soil samples. PCB118 was the most abundant congener in all the samples. The PCB118 was about 20% of ∑PCBs. The soil organic matter content showed only a weak correlation with the levels of all PCB congeners, in which a better correlation was noted for the more volatile lighter PCB congeners than for the heavier homologues. To a certain extent, the sources and land use seemed to influence the levels of PCBs.     

垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮对微生物活性的抑制作用

研究了合成废水和垃圾滤渗滤中氨氮对活性污泥微生物活性的抑制作用。当合成废水的氨氮浓度从５０ｍｇ／Ｌ依次成倍递增至８００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,脱氢酶活性由１１．０４μｇＴＦ／ｍｇＭＬＳＳ下降至４．２２,此时ＣＯＤ的去除率相应由９５．１％降低到７９．１％。     

Geology and sediment geochemistry of a landfill leachate contaminated aquifer (Grindsted, Denmark)

A landfill leachate affected aquifer was investigated with respect to the geology and sediment geochemistry (solid organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, oxidation capacity, reduced iron and sulfur species) involving 185 sediment samples taken along a 305-m-long and 10–12-m-deep transect downgradient from the landfill. The geology showed two distinct sand layers (upper Quaternary, Weichselian and a lower Tertiary, Miocene) sandwiching thin layers of silt/clay deposits, peat and brown coal. The organic carbon content (TOC) and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the sandy sediments were low (TOC, 100–300 μg C (g DW)⁻¹ ; CEC, 0.1–0.5 meq per 100 g DW) and correlated fairly well with the geology. Processes in the contaminant plume caused depletion of oxidation capacity and precipitation of reduced iron and sulfur species. However, some of these parameters were also affected by the geology, e.g. the oxidation capacity (OXC) was significantly higher in the Quaternary layer (OXC, 14–35 μeq g DW⁻¹) than in the Tertiary sand layer (OXC, <5 μeq g DW⁻¹). The intermediate layers (silt/clay and brown coal) have significantly higher values of most of the parameters investigated. This work demonstrates the need for a small scale geological model and a detailed mapping of the geochemistry of the sediments in order to distinguish impacts caused by the contaminant plumes from natural variations in the aquifer geochemistry.     

Determination of Background Concentrations of Inorganics in Soils and Sediments at Hazardous Waste Sites

Hazardous waste sites may pose a threat to human health and the environment when toxic substances are released. However, the contaminants present at a waste site may have originated on-site (i.e., resulting from releases attributable to site activities) or off-site (i.e., resulting from sources not on-site). Off-site substances may result either from natural sources (e.g., erosion of naturally occurring mineral deposits) or anthropogenic sources (e.g., widespread contamination from automobile exhaust in urban areas). To determine the appropriate action to take at a hazardous waste site, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must distinguish between substances directly attributable to the hazardous waste site (i.e., site contaminants) and those attributable to natural background concentrations. The most important factor to consider when determining background concentrations is to ensure that the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the media to be sampled at both the contaminated site and the background site are as similar as possible. Inorganics, in particular metals, are addressed. Radionuclides are not specifically addressed; however, metals with radioactive isotopes that may be encountered at hazardous waste sites are included. There are references and data included in this paper that provide average concentrations and reference values for selected soils and sediments in the United States. Suggested sampling and monitoring design approaches that could be used by scientists and engineers faced with how to determine background concentrations are identified. The issues discussed include the selection of background sampling locations, considerations in the selection of sampling procedures, and statistical analyses for determining whether contaminant levels are significantly different on a potential waste site compared with a background site.     

建筑工地事故的经济损失与最有效的安全投资（香港经验）

本文论述了对因建筑工地发生的事故而导致承包商的经济损失的一个调查情况。作者对１８个建筑工地发生的６１８起事故进行了调查，每一个建筑工地，其安全状况指标是用总的等量损失工作日除以总的所需工作日来评价。通过这１８个例证，可以得到建筑工地事故损失与安全状况指标两者之间的关系。类似的，可以获得安全投资与安全状况指标两者的关系、从这两条曲线中。承包商可以决定对建筑工地的最适宜的安全投资。建筑项目的最小安全投资为建筑总投资的０．５５％。这时，在最适宜点之处安全投资要比总的事故损失大得多。     

消防战勤保障物资储备点布局与选址问题研究

为科学规划消防应急救援物资储备点布局,进一步提高消防部队处置突发事件的能力,从当前我国消防战勤保障物资储备点的建设现状入手,研究了消防战勤保障物资的分类。在此基础上明确了物资储备点的布点原则和选址方法,建立了储备点选址的数学模型,并利用计算机进行求解,得到若干个备选地址;然后在综合考量各种影响因素的前提下,通过灾害发生区域相对集中的规律进行适当的调整,进而筛选出最佳选址。最后讨论了部局级应急装备物资储备库的布局现状及建议。结果表明:储备库的选址应在科学合理的物资储备点选址基础上,与部局、总队的应急装备物资储备库相互依托、互相补充,从而形成一套符合我国消防力量建设实际的消防战勤保障物资储备体系。     

国外遗址保护与利用的启示

我国遗址在保护管理体系和保护利用模式上存在许多问题,致使遗址不能得到有效的保护.国外的遗址保护起步较早,在遗址管理上,以欧洲模式和美国模式比较典型,引入了私人或者企业参与遗址的管理与经营;在遗址保护利用上,欧洲、美洲和亚洲发达国家的保护模式比较成熟,遗址的整体保护引入了遗址公园和遗产廊道的模式,遗址的局部保护引入了原貌保存、局部展示、遗址博物馆等模式.     

湖北省金罗家考古遗址土壤中多环芳烃的分布和植硅体的分析及其意义

湖北金罗家遗址剖面总厚度为171 cm,平均10 cm采集一个样品,共采集17个样品。考古遗址年代顺序主要根据考古器物（如陶片、瓷片、砖瓦块等）颜色、图案、花纹和形态类型等与已确定年代的考古器物特征进行对比分析,进而确定不同文化层的时代顺序。文章对考古土壤中多环芳烃的分布、植硅体类型和炭屑进行了研究,并对多环芳烃可能来源、植硅体组合和炭屑及其意义进行了分析。结果显示,在最下部的生土层样品未检测到多环芳烃,古文化层土壤样品均检测出了多环芳烃,不同文化层土壤中的多环芳烃的分布特征也是不同的,在个别文化层土壤中的多环芳烃还表现出一些异常。利用多环芳烃来源地球化学参数甲基菲/菲（MPh/Ph）和荧蒽/芘（Fl/Py）的比值对金罗家遗址考古遗址土壤中的多环芳烃的来源进行了初步判断,考古土壤多环芳烃的MPh/Ph值范围主要在0.34~0.89之间（除F13样品值为1.30外）,Fl/Py值范围主要在1.92~5.88之间（除F8样品值为10.82外）,说明多环芳烃的来源主要是热成因。而荧蒽/菲、苯并蒽/菲和苯并芘/菲等可以作为与陆生植物和化石燃料的燃烧有关芳烃的产物的标志,这些多环芳烃可能与人类活动有一定的关系,说明考古遗址土壤中的多环芳烃记录能够反映生活在该遗址上一些人类社会经济发展和活动的信息。因此,多环芳烃是人类活动的良好指示物。同时,在整个剖面土壤中还检测出大量的且种类多样的植硅体和炭屑,植硅体类型主要有：方型、长方型、扇型、哑铃型、鞍型、齿型、帽型、棒型和尖型等。植硅体组合能够恢复当地的古植被,也可以反映古人类在选择和利用植物有关的生活和生产活动。其古植被生长是与古气候变化相适应的,在西周时期文化层,以C3植物为主;东周时期文化层,以C4植物为主;唐宋时期文化层,以C3植物为主,明清时期文化层,以C4植物为主。炭屑是植物有机体不完全燃烧的产物,炭屑分析是研究历史上人类活动的方法之一。在金罗家遗址样品炭屑分析中,从不同古文化堆积层的变化背景中分离出了因人口增长或火灾造成的2个炭屑高峰值,第一个峰值为东周时期,另一峰值为明清时期,这两个峰值与自西周（1 000 BC）以来历史记载的该地区2个人口繁盛和经济发达时间基本相符。在对考古土壤中的多环芳烃、木本型植硅体和炭屑对比分析中,它们的变化规律存在着较好的一致性。这些说明生活在遗址的人类利用和改造自然环境的时候,自然环境也可能影响着人类社会的发展。     

我国工业土地再利用的环境风险及对策

工业企业搬迁遗留遗弃场地是近年来我国城市化进程加速的产物。搬迁后绝大多数工业用地将重新开发利用为城市发展用地。但是,长期工业生产排放所积累的污染物导致了大量的污染土壤和地下水。而这些留下的土地,如不经过调查评估以及土壤修复就开发再利用,会对人体和生态产生极大的安全隐患。所以必须加强我国工业土地再利用工作的管理。本文主要阐述了窝工工业废弃场地卡能产生的环境问题,并就如何有效的进行我国工业废弃地的再利用提出了相关的措施。     

某炼油厂退役场地土壤与浅层地下水酚类污染特征研究

通过对某炼油厂退役场地21个土壤监测点和8个地下水监测点的样品分析,研究了该场地酚类化合物的污染分布.结果表明：该场地上层滞水酚污染严重,挥发酚含量远超过地下水质标准的要求.场地承压水水质良好,有轻微的酚污染.该场地近1/2面积的土地,酚类化合物污染严重;依据原厂区工艺布局图,场区浅层地下水和土壤的酚污染具有区域相似性,酚含量高的区域集中在原工厂生产车间以及储油罐和产品仓库;土壤中污染物水平扩散不强,垂直扩散深度不一,部分超过地表10 m以下的深度.通过GC/MS对典型土壤中2-氯苯酚、2-硝基苯酚、2,4-二甲酚、2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚、2,4-二硝基酚以及4,6-二硝基-2-甲酚7种酚类化合物进行定性与定量分析,结果表明7种酚类化合物含量范围为0.01～232.96 mg.kg-1,其中2,4-二硝基酚和4,6-二硝基-2-甲酚含量比较高.